so long as “electronic” is taken to mean any circuit using semi-conductors to manipulate electrons, “electronic testing” is used to test any properties of the circuit that can be measured; almost entirely electrical properties, which can be measured at various levels. at the fundamental level, properties such as voltage, current, resistance, conductance and capacitance, can be measured using a multimeter. at the higher level of the signals transmitted by the circuit, measurements on signal integrity (quality) such as noise or distortion, or out of the stipulated frequency band, are measured with respect to frequency using signal and spectrum analysis, and with respect to time with oscilloscope functions. if the data transmitted by the signal shall be tested to check whether the content is correct, demodulation functions for the appropriate data communication standard are required.